International 
orrespondence 

Schools 


SCRANTON,  PA. 


INSTRUCTION  PAPER 

with  Examination   Questions 


FIRST  EDITION 


iTypes 


,  Breeds,  and  Market 
Classes  of  Horses 


PART  2 
By  L  as.  Staff 

1325  B 


SCRANTON,  PA. 

INTERNATIONAL  TEXTBOOK  COMPANY 

1921 


ADVICE  TO  THE  STUDENT 

You  learn  only  by  thinking.  Therefore,  read  your  lesson  slowly 
enough  to  think  about  what  you  read  and  try  not  to  think  of  anything 
else.  You  cannot  learn  about  a  subject  while  thinking  about  other 
things.  Think  of  the  meaning  of  every  word  and  every  group  of 
words.  Sometimes  you  may  need  to  read  the  text  slowly  several  times 
in  order  to  understand  it  and  to  remember  the  thought  in  it.  This  is 
what  is^  meant  by  study. 

Begin  with  the  first  line  on  page  1  and  study  every  part  of  the  lesson 
in  its  regular  order.  Do  not  skip  anything.  If  you  come  to  a  part  that 
you  cannot  understand  after  careful  study,  mark  it  in  some  way  and 
come  back  to  it  after  you  have  studied  parts  beyond  it.  If  it  still 
seems' puzzling,  write  to  us  about  it  on  one  of  our  Information  Blanks 
and  tell  us  just  what  you  do  not  understand. 

Pay  attention  to  words  or  groups  of  words  printed  in  black-face  type. 
They  are  important.  Be  sure  that  you  know  what  they  mean  and  that 
you  understand  what  is  said  about  them  well  enough  to  explain  them 
to  others. 

Rules  are  printed  in  italics;  they,  too,  are  important;  you  should 
learn  to  repeat  them  without  looking  at  the  book.  With  rules  are 
usually  given  Examples  for  Practice.  Work  all  of  these  examples 
according  to  the  rules,  but  do  not  send  us  your  work  if  you  are  able  to 
get  the  right  answers.  If  you  cannot  get  the  correct  answer  to  an 
example,  serid  us  all  of  your  work  on  it  so  that  we  can  find  your  mis- 
takes.    Use  one  of  our  Information  Blanks. 

After  you  have  finished  studying  part  of  a  lesson,  review  that  part ; 
that  is,  study  it  again.  Then  go  on  with  the  next  part.  When  you  have 
finished  studying  an  Instruction  Paper,  review  all  of  it.  Then  answer 
the  Examination  Questions  at  the  end  of  the  Paper.  It  is  not  well  to 
look  at  these  questions  until  you  have  finished  studying  and  reviewing 
ihe  whole  Paper. 

Answer  the  Examination  Questions  in  the  same  order  as  they  are 
given  and  number  your  answers  to  agree  with  the  question  numbers. 
Do  not  write  the  questions.'  If  you  cannot  answer  a  question,  write  us 
about  it  on  an  Information  Blank  before  you  send  in  any  of  your 
answers.  ' 

Remember  that  we  are  interested  in  your  progress  and  that  we  will 

give  you  by  correspondence  all  the  special  instruction  on  your  Course 

t"hat  you  may  need  to  complete  it.     Remember,  too,  that  you- will  get 

more  good  from  your  Course  if  you  learn  all  that  you  ^  can  without 

asking  for  help. 

r-^n  International  Correspondence  Schooej 


Copyright,    1912,   by    International   Textbook    Company.      Entered    at    Stationers' 
Hall,   London.     All    rights   reserved 


TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET 
CLASSES  OF  HORSES 

(PART  2) 


BREEDS    OF    HORSES— (Continued) 


BREEDS  OF  THE  DRAFT  TYPE 


THE    PERCHERON 

1.  Origin  and  Development. — The  native  home  of  the 
Percheron  breed  of  horses  is  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
France,  in  the  district  of  La  Perche,  from  which  the  breed 
derives  its  name.  The  country  is  uneven  and  hilly,  and  is 
cut  up  in  every  direction  by  small  valleys  that  are  fertile  and 
furnish  an  abundance  of  grass.  The  origin  of  the  breed  is 
very  obscure.  For  many  centuries  horses  of  a  draft  type 
were  in  existence  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Perche  and  these,  it  is 
believed,  constituted  the  foundation  stock  of  the  Percheron 
breed.  According  to  most  authorities,  these  native  horses 
were  crossed  with  oriental  horses  that  came  into  France  at 
the  time  of  the  Saracen  invasion  in  the  8th  century.  Arabian 
blood  was  extensively  used  in  the  improvement  of  the  breed 
as  late  as  1820,  when  two  noted  Arabian  stallions,  Godolphin 
and  Gallipoli,  were  imported  and  freely  used  on  the  French 
stock.     Most  of  the  present-day  Percherons  trace  to  Gallipoli. 

When  the  government  studs  were  established  at  Le  Pin 
and  Pompadour  in  the  18th  century  the  breeding  of  horses 

COPYHIOHTED    BY    rNTEBNATlONAL  TEXTBOOK    COMPANY.        ALL   RIGHTS    RESERVED 

§36 


54  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §36 

received  a  great  impetus.  The  systematic  breeding  of  Per- 
cherons  along  definite  lines,  however,  did  not  begin  until 
about  the  decade  between  1860  and  1870.  At  the  present 
time,  the  French  government  is  active  in  fostering  the  interests 
of  native  horses.  Government  studs  are  maintained  in  which 
select  animals  are  kept  for  breeding  purposes.  In  the  case 
of  privately  owned  stallions,  a  severe  inspection  is  made  by 
government  veterinarians  and  if  the  animals  are  found  to  be 
of  sufficient  merit  they  are  designated  as  subsidized,  and  a 
cash  bonus  is  paid  to  the  owner  for  keeping  them  in  the  country. 
Horses  that  are  not  quite  good  enough  to  be  subsidized  are 
designated  as  authorized,  and  the  owners  are  given  a  certificate, 
which  is,  in  substance,  a  government  recommendation.  There 
is  a  third  class  known  as  approved,  the  animals  of  which  are 
permitted  to  be  in  service  but  neither  a  bonus  nor  a  certificate 
is  given  for  them.  All  stallions  not  coming  within  these  classes 
are  excluded  from  public  service.  This  system  of  government 
supervision,  which  has  obtained  in  France  for  several  years, 
has  proved  very  beneficial  to  the  Percheron  and  other  native 
breeds. 

2.  The  Percheron  in  America. — The  first  importation  of 
Percheron  horses  into  America  of  which  there  is  any  positive 
knowledge  was  made  about  1839  to  Moorestown,  New  Jersey, 
by  Edward  Harris.  Two  of  the  animals  imported  by  Mr. 
Harris  were  Diligence  and  Bonaparte.  These  animals  were 
small  in  size,  standing  about  15  hands  high  and  weighing  about 
1,500  pounds.  In  1851  the  stallion  Louis  Napoleon  was 
imported  into  Ohio.  This  horse  proved  to  be  a  great  breeder, 
and,  it  is  claimed,  was  one  of  the  best  draft  horses  ever 
brought  to  America.  It  is  said  that  over  400  of  his  sons 
were  successful  breeding  animals.  The  Massachusetts  Society 
for  the  Promotion  of  Agriculture  imported  several  stallions 
and  two  mares  in  1864  and  made  a  second  importation  in  1882. 
It  is  said  that  some  of  the  horses  of  the  second  importation 
weighed  as  much  as  2,200  pounds.  W.  T.  Walters,  of  Balti- 
more, Maryland,  made  an  importation  of  both  stallions  and 
mares  in  1866,  and  several  other  importations  in  later  years. 


§  36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  55 

He  always  imported  more  mares  than  stallions,  and  was  the 
first  to  establish  an  important  breeding  stud  of  Percherons  in 
America.  Of  the  later  importers,  mention  shoiild  be  made 
of  Mark  W.  Dunham  and  Daniel  Dunham,  of  Wayne,  Illinois; 
Ezra  Stetson,  of  Neponset,  Illinois;  the  Stubblefields,  of 
Bloomington,  Illinois;  the  Dillon  Brothers,  of  Normal,  Illinois; 
John  Huston,  of  Blandins\dlle,  Illinois;  and  the  Fullingtons, 
of  Ohio. 

The  Percheron  breed  has  proved  very  popular  in  America 
and  ma}^  be  said  to  be  increasing  in  public  favor.  Percherons 
have  crossed  extremely  well  \\dth  native  American  mares, 
imparting  quality  and  size  and  producing  marketable  horses. 
Due  to  their  being  clean-limbed,  free  from  superfluous  hair, 
and  of  good  disposition,  the}^  have  always  been  great  favorites 
with  the  American  farmers,  and  users  of  hea\^^  horses  in  cities 
show  decided  preference  for  grade  Percherons.  In  the  United 
States  the  niunber  of  recorded  Percherons  is  greater  than  the 
number  of  recorded  horses  of  all  the  other  draft  breeds  com- 
bined, which  fact  indicates  that  the  breed  is  very  popular. 

3.  Description. — In  Fig.  1  is  shown  a  typical  Percheron 
stallion,  and  in  Fig.  2  the  prize-winning  Percheron  mare 
Mouvette.  Percherons  range  in  height  from  about  16  to 
17|  hands  and  weigh  from  about  1,600  to  2,200  potmds.  An 
average  weight  for  a  Percheron  stallion  in  good  condition  is 
from  1,900  to  2,000  pounds.  The  Percherons  are  not  quite 
so  heavy  as  the  Belgians  or  the  heaviest  Shires,  but  they 
weigh  more  than  the  Clydesdales  or  the  Stiff  oiks.  The  Per- 
cheron has  a  deep,  thick,  compact  body  on  rather  short  legs, 
which  are  devoid  of  the  long  hair  characteristic  of  the  Clydes- 
dale and  the  Shire.  The  head  is  neat  and  refined,  of  good 
width  between  the  eyes  and  the  jaws,  and  tapers  to  a  refined 
muzzle;  the  forehead  is  broad  and  ftill,  indicating  intelligence; 
and  the  ears  are  small,  pointed,  and  carried  erect.  The  neck 
is  of  moderate  length,  rather  arched,  and  is  usually  set  weU 
on  the  shoiilders,  giving  poise  and  dignity  to  the  head;  the 
crest  is  not  so  heavy  as  that  of  the  Belgian,  but  it  is  well  devel- 
oped.    The    shoulders    are    long    and   usually    obliquely    set; 


66 


58  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §  36 

the  back  is  short  and  often  a  Httle  low;  and  the  chest  is  deep 
and  broad,  indicating  a  hardy  constitution.  The  coupHng  is 
not  always  as  short  as  it  should  be,  and  the  last  ribs  are  fre- 
quently not  well  sprung.  The  hips  are  high  and  often  appear 
prominent,  due  to  the  lack  of  spring  to  the  last  ribs.  The 
croup  is  of  moderate  length  and  frequently  more  drooping 
than  is  desired;  it  is  often  rather  flat  on  top.  In  many  Per- 
cherons,  the  tail  is  set  somewhat  low  and  the  hind  legs  are 
not  always  set  on  in  the  best  way.  The  thighs  and  quarters 
are  usually  heavily  muscled,  indicating  power;  and  the  feet 
are  of  the  best  quality;  in  the  latter  respect  the  Percheron 
excels  all  the  other  draft  breeds.  The  hocks  are  not  always 
as  clean  as  they  should  be;  they  are  better  than  those  of  the 
Belgian,  but  not  so  good  as  those  of  the  Clydesdale.  The 
cannons  of  the  Percheron  are  not  so  flat  as  those  of  the  Clydes- 
dale or  the  Shire,  the  tendons  not  standing  back  from  the 
cannon  bones  as  well  as  they  should. 

In  action,  the  Percheron  is  quick  and  energetic,  exhibiting 
considerable  snap.  Percherons  are  good  walkers  but  have 
a  shorter  stride  than  either  the  Clydesdales  or  the  Shires. 
The  trot  is  performed  with  vim  and  energy,  and  the  knees  and 
hocks  are  usually  flexed  well  when  carried  forwards.  Gray  and 
black  are  the  predominating  colors,  although  occasionally  bay, 
brown,  and  chestnut  occur.  The  Percheron  has  a  sanguine 
temperament,  and  an  amiable  disposition,  in  these  respects 
being  the  best  of  all  the  draft  breeds. 

4.  Registration. — The  registration  of  Percheron  horses  in 
America  has  been  the  cause  of  much  controversy.  This 
unfortunate  condition  of  affairs  resulted  from  the  fact  that  in 
the  early  history  of  the  breed  in  America  two  types  of  draft 
horses  were  imported  from  France,  namely,  the  Percheron  and 
the  Norman.  These  two  types  were  much  alike  in  every 
way  and  at  one  time  animals  of  both  were  registered  in  the 
same  stud  book  in  America.  In  1876  the  Norman  Horse 
Society  was  organized.  Later  the  name  of  this  organization 
was  changed  to  the  Percheron  Norman  Horse  Association, 
and  it  was  under  this  title  that  the  first  stud  book  was  pub- 


§  36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  59 

lished  in  1878.  This  change  in  name  antagonized  some  of 
the  members  of  the  association,  who  withdrew  and  organized 
the  National  Register  of  Norman  Horses,  which  was  later 
changed  to  the  National  Register  of  French  Draft  Horses. 
When  a  Percheron  society  was  organized  in  France,  the  word 
Norman  was  stricken  from  the  title  of  the  Percheron  Norman 
Horse  Association. 

The  American  Percheron  Horse  Breeders'  Association  made 
an  attempt  to  incorporate  in  1885,  but  failed.  The  career  of 
this  organization  proved  rather  unsatisfactory,  and  in  con- 
sequence a  new  association,  the  American  Percheron  Horse 
Breeders  and  Importers'  Association,  was  organized.  In  1905 
the  name  of  this  organization  was  changed  to  the  Percheron 
Society  of  America.  An  association  known  as  the  Percheron 
Registry  Company  was  organized  in  1902.  In  1911  the 
Percheron  Society  of  America  purchased  all  the  records  of  the 
Percheron  Register  Company,  so  that  now  the  latter  asso- 
ciation is  no  longer  in  existence.  In  1905  another  association, 
known  as  the  American  Breeders  and  Importers'  Percheron 
Registry,  was  incorporated. 

A  Percheron  society  was  organized  in  France  in  1878.  The 
rules  of  the  French  society  provide  that  only  horses  bred  in 
the  Percheron  district  can  be  recorded  in  the  French  stud 
book.  Should  a  Percheron  mare  and  a  Percheron  stallion  be 
taken  outside  of  the  Percheron  district  and  mated  together, 
the  progeny,  according  to  the  rules,  would  not  be  eligible  for 
registration.  Since  1890  the  rules  also  stipulate  that  aU  colts 
must  be  registered  between  3  and  6  months  of  age,  at  which 
time  they  are  inspected  by  a  veterinarian,  and,  if  accepted,  are 
branded  with  the  society's  brand,  S  P,  which  is  placed  on  the 
left  side  of  the  neck  near  the  mane,  about  midway  between  the 
head  and  the  shoulder.  These  rules  were  adopted  with  the 
idea  of  protecting  the  purity  of  the  breed ;  however,  it  is  claimed 
by  American  importers  that  horses  outside  of  the  Percheron 
district  are  frequently  recorded  and  branded  as  pure-bred 
Percherons.  Inasmuch  as  all  of  the  draft  horses  of  France  are 
of  much  the  same  blood,  the  Percheron  breed  could  not  have 
suffered  greatly  from  this  alleged  mixing. 


60  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §  36 


THE    FRENCH    DRAFT 

b.  It  is  necessary  to  speak  of  the  so-called  French  Draft 
breed  of  horses  because  of  the  fact  that  in  America  it  has  been 
the  erroneous  custom  for  many  years  to  refer  to  all  draft  horses 
imported  from  France  as  French  Draft  horses  and  as  of  the 
French  Draft  breed.  This  practice  has  been  encouraged  by 
the  organization  of  an  association  in  the  United  States  that 
registers  draft  horses  from  France,  irrespective  of  breed,  in  a 
French  Draft  stud  book.  Notwithstanding  the  common  use 
of  the  term  French  Draft,  there  is  no  recognized  breed  of  this 
name.  In  France  there  are  several  breeds  of  draft  horses,  and 
when  the  first  importations  of  animals  of  these  breeds  were 
made  to  America  no  differentiation  was  made  between  them, 
all  being  known  as  French  Draft  horses.  The  name  thus 
applied  has  clung  to  all  such  animals  even  to  this  day,  in 
America. 

It  is  probable  that  all  the  draft  horses  that  are  imported  to 
America  from  France  can  properly  be  listed  as  belonging  to 
the  following  breeds:  Percheron,  Boulonais,  Breton,  Nivernais, 
Ardennais,  and  Picardy. 

The  Percheron  breed  is  the  best  known  and  the  best  devel- 
oped of  the  French  draft  breeds.  It  has  already  been  dis- 
cussed. 

The  Boulonais  breed  is  found  largely  in  the  district  of 
Boulogne  in  the  northern  part  of  France,  not  far  from  Belgium. 
The  animals  of  this  breed  are  larger  and  coarser  than  the  Per- 
cherons,  and  very  likely  possess  more  Belgian  than  Percheron 
blood.  Gray  is  the  prevailing  color,  although  some  of  the 
horses  are  bay.  It  has  been  claimed  by  the  French  breeders 
that  there  has  been  no  interchange  of  horses  between  the 
Boulonais  and  the  Percheron  districts,  but  this  claim  is  doubted 
by  many  authorities. 

The  Breton  breed  is  found  in  Brittany,  a  section  of  France 
lying  across  the  English  Channel  from  England.  It  is  not 
probable  that  many  Breton  horses  have  ever  been  brought  to 
America,  although  it  is  said  that  many  of  them  are  sold  in  Paris 
as  Normandy  and  Percheron  horses. 


§  36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  61 

The  Nivemais  breed  is  from  the  district  of  Nievre,  in  the 
central  part  of  France.  Most  of  the  Nivemais  are  black  in 
color,  as  a  result  of  using  black  Percheron  stallions  on  the  mares 
in  that  region.  The  horses  of  this  breed  are  smaller  than  the 
Percherons.  It  is  said  that  not  many  of  them  have  been 
imported  into  the  United  States;  however,  this  fact  is  ques- 
tioned by  authorities  familiar  with  the  breed.  The  Nivemais 
are  built  much  after  the  Percheron  type. 

The  Ardennais  breed  is  native  to  Ardennes,  in  the  northern 
part  of  France,  near  Belgium.  There  are  two  types  of  Arden- 
nais horses;  those  of  one  type  are  blocky  and  smaller  than  those 
of  any  of  the  other  French  draft  horses;  those  of  the  other  are 
of  a  coach  type. 

The  Picardy  breed  is  found  in  the  northern  part  of  France 
and  in  Belgium.  Some  authorities  claim  that  the  Picardy  is  a 
variety  of  the  Boulonais.  The  horses  of  this  breed  are  gener- 
ally bay  in  color. 

The  National  French  Draft  Horse  Association  of  America 
publishes  a  stud  book  in  which  may  be  registered  animals  of 
any  of  the  French  draft  breeds. 


THE    CLYDESDALE 

6.     Origin   and   Development. — The   Clydesdale   breed  of 

horses  originated  in  Scotland,  in  the  county  of  Lanark,  com- 
monly called  the  Clydesdale  district.  Heavy,  black  Flemish 
stallions  were  used  in  the  early  development  of  the  breed, 
authentic  records  showing  that  such  horses  were  employed  as 
early  as  1715.  Ever  since  that  time  much  attention  has  been 
paid  to  the  improvement  of  the  breed  and  the  preservation  of 
purity  of  blood.  So  carefully  have  Clydesdale  horses  been 
selected  for  breeding  and  so  honestly  have  all  matters  pertain- 
ing to  pedigree  been  conducted,  that  the  purity  of  blood  of 
recorded  animals  of  the  breed  is  beyond  question. 

Two  noted  Clydesdale  stallions  whose  influence  on  their 
progeny  is  noticeable  even  to  the  present  time  were  Prince  of 
Wales  673,  and  Darnley  222.  Damley's  three  best  sons  were 
Macgreggor    1,487,   Flashwood  3,604,   and  Topgallant   1,850. 


64  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §36 

The  most  famous  Clydesdale  stallion  of  recent  times  is  Baron's 
Pride  9, 122,  sired  by  Sir  Everard  5.353,  a  son  of  Topgallant  1,850 
and  a  grandson  of  Darnley  222. 

7.  The  Clydesdale  in  America. — The  first  importations  of 
Clydesdales  to  America  were  made  into  Canada,  perhaps 
because  this  section  was  settled  by  Britishers,  who  naturally 
preferred  horses  from  their  own  country.  About  1870,  the 
first  Clydesdales  were  brought  to  the  United  States,  some  of 
them  coming  from  Canada  and  others  from  Scotland.  The 
first  show  in  America  was  held  at  Toronto  in  1846. 

In  America,  the  breeding  of  Clydesdales  has  not  kept  pace, 
in  the  past  few  years,  with  that  of  horses  of  other  breeds,  and 
it  is  doubtful  whether  they  will  ever  become  widely  popular 
in  this  country,  unless  they  are  bred  more  nearly  to  the  type  of 
the  American  draft  horse,  less  attention  being  given  to  action 
and  more  to  the  conformation  of  body  and  the  securing  of 
weight. 

8.  Description. — In  Fig.  3  is  illustrated  an  American  type 
of  Clydesdale  stallion  and  in  Fig.  4  a  Scotch  type. 

Clydesdales  commonly  range  in  height  from  16  to  17  hands, 
and  weigh  from  about  1,800  to  2,000  pounds.  In  the  best 
animals  the  head  is  of  good  shape;  the  shoulders  are  rather 
oblique ;  and  the  chest  is  somewhat  narrower  than  in  animals  of 
the  other  draft  breeds.  The  body  of  the  Clydesdale  is  criti- 
cized by  many  competent  judges,  who  assert  that  it  is  lacking 
in  depth  and  circumference.  The  feet,  bone,  and  action  are 
cardinal  points  with  Clydesdale  breeders,  and  in  these  respects 
animals  of  the  breed  are  superior.  A  prominent  characteristic 
of  Clydesdale  horses  is  the  long,  fine,  silky  hair,  commonly 
termed  feather,  which  grows  out  from  the  backs  of  the  cannons 
and  from  the  coronets. 

In  the  early  days  a  few  of  the  Clydesdales  were  black,  a  few 
were  gray,  and  a  few  were  chestnut,  but  the  Highland  Agri- 
cultural Society,  which  held  its  first  show  at  Glasgow  in  1827, 
made  it  a  rule  that  only  bays  and  browns  should  be  allowed  to 
compete  for  prizes.  This  checked  the  production  of  blacks  and 
grays,  which  were  rather  common  in  the  country  at  that  time. 


§  36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  65 

Gray   Clydesdales   are   still   unpopular,    and   some  authorities 
think  that  a  chestnut  color  indicates  Shire  blood. 

9.  Registration. — The  Clydesdale  Society  of  Great  Britain 
was  organized  about  1877,  and  the  first  stud  book  was  published 
in  1878.  The  registration  in  the  first  volume  covers  a  period 
of  about  50  years,  and  most  of  the  animals  were  owned  in  the 
Clydesdale  district.  Up  to  the  present  time  the  Clydesdale 
Society  has  published  32  volumes  and  has  registered  about 
40,000  animals.  The  American  Clydesdale  Association  was 
organized  in  1879,  and  the  first  stud  book  was  published  in 
1882.  Fourteen  volumes  have  been  issued,  with  a  total  regis- 
tration of  about  14,000  animals. 


THE    SHIRE 

10.  Origin  and  Development. — The  Shire  breed  of  horses 
is  a  product  of  England,  having  been  developed  principally  in 
the  coiinties  of  Oxford,  Leicester,  Stafford,  Derby,  Notting- 
ham, Northampton,  Lincoln,  and  Cambridge.  This  breed  is 
the  result  of  crossing  imported  horses  from  Flanders  and 
Northern  Germany  on  the  native  stock  of  England.  The  breed 
is  very  old  and  has  been  carefiilly  bred  since  its  origin.  Much 
of  the  credit  for  the  early  improvement  of  the  breed  belongs  to 
English  tenant  farmers,  who  persevered  in  breeding  and  improv- 
ing the  Shire  in  times  of  depression.  Later,  some  of  the  nobility 
established  studs  and  a  number  of  the  more  finely  bred  animals 
of  certain  families  sold  for  high  prices.  Some  authorities  have 
questioned  whether  this  was  an  advantage  to  the  breed,  as  it 
took  away  from  the  tenant  farmer  animals  that  he  could  not 
afford  to  own.  One  of  the  most  potent  factors  in  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Shire  horse  was  the  Shire  Horse  Show,  which  was 
established  in  1879  as  an  annual  event.  This  show  is  held  each 
year  at  London,  and  all  the  horses  exhibited  are  required  to 
undergo  a  careful  veterinary  examination. 

The  aim  of  Shire  breeders  in  Great  Britain  has  been  to  main- 
tain or  increase  the  size  and  substance  and  improve  the  quality 
of  their  horses  as  much  as  possible.     In  order  to  do  this  they 


67 


68  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §  36 

select  those  with  a  profuse  growth  of  hair  on  the  limbs,  this 
being  considered  evidence  of  quality,  substance,  and  rugged- 
ness.  American  breeders  doubt  the  wisdom  of  this  practice, 
and  it  is  regarded  as  certain  that  profuse  feather  will  never 
become  popular  in  America,  as  it  is  a  frequent  source  of  erup- 
tions and  skin  disease,  as  well  as  of  much  trouble  and  annoy- 
ance. Although  much  has  been  done  to  improve  the  quality 
of  the  Shire's  hocks,  some  of  them  still  lack  width,  and  are 
short  and  not  well  defined. 

11.  The  Shire  in  America. —  The  importation  of  Shire 
horses  into  America  began,  it  is  believed,  about  the  middle 
of  the  19th  century.  In  1853,  a  Shire  named  John  Bull  was 
imported  and  taken  to  Aurora,  Illinois,  where  he  became  favor- 
ably known  as  a  sire.  A  few  years  later  a  second  John  Bull 
was  imported  to  Bristol,  Illinois.  For  a  time  the  Shires  were 
spoken  of  as  "John  Bulls."  George  E.  Brown,  of  Aurora, 
Illinois,  an  extensive  importer,  made  his  first  importation  in 
1874.     From  this  time  on  importations  became  more  numerous. 

One  of  the  most  famous  early  Shire  horses  imported  to  the 
United  States  was  Holland  Major  275.  He  was  imported  as 
a  2-year-old  by  George  E.  Brown  in  1882,  and  was  a  champion 
at  the  World's  Fair  held  at  Chicago  in  1893.  He  Hved  to  be 
25  years  old  and  proved  to  be  an  exceptionally  good  breeder 
of  high-class  horses. 

12.  Description. — In  Fig.  5  is  shown  the  noted  Shire  stal- 
lion Prem  Victor,  which  is  an  English  horse  but  of  the 
American  type.  Fig.  6  shows  Glen  Royal,  an  English  type  of 
Shire. 

Shire  stallions  range  in  height  from  16  to  17|  hands  and  weigh 
from  about  1,800  to  2,400  pounds.  The  head,  in  many  animals 
of  the  breed  is  inclined  to  be  a  little  plain,  not  having  as  much 
width  across  the  forehead  and  through  the  jaws  as  desired,  and 
there  is  also  a  little  coarseness  in  the  muzzle.  The  face  is 
inclined  to  be  a  little  Roman,  which,  when  only  slight,  is  not 
objected  to  by  admirers  of  the  breed.  The  ears  are  rather  long 
and  heavy,  more  so  than  in  animals  of  some  of  the  other  breeds, 
and  the  neck   is  plain,  frequently  lacking   in    crest  develop- 


§36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  69 

ment.  The  shoulders  are  massive  and  powerful.  The  back  is 
of  moderate  length  and  the  croup  of  fair  length,  although  not 
so  level  as  that  of  the  Clydesdale.  The  Shire  is  inclined  to  be 
a  Uttle  plain  over  the  hips  and  a  little  too  short  and  straight  in 
the  pasterns.  The  feet  are  inclined  to  be  small  and  too  fiat, 
lacking  height  at  the  heel,  and  also  brittle,  especially  feet  of  a 
white  color.  As  a  rule,  animals  of  the  breed  possess  an  abund- 
ance of  bone.  A  deep  chest  and  heavily  muscled  shoulders, 
thighs,  and  quarters,  giving  the  appearance  of  strength  and 
power,  are  characteristic  of  the  breed.  Shire  horses  have  a 
profuse  growth  of  feather  coming  out  from  the  cannons;  often 
the  feather  is  not  as  fine  and  silky  as  is  desired. 

Horses  of  the  Shire  breed  are  usually  of  a  bay  or  brown 
color,  although  black,  gray,  and  occasionally  chestnut  occurs. 
As  a  rule,  they  have  white  faces,  the  white  extending  from  the 
forehead  to  the  muzzle,  and  one  or  more  white  feet  and  legs, 
the  white  extending  to  the  knee  or  hock,  and  occasionally 
higher. 

The  Shire  is  usually  a  good  walker,  having  a  long,  open 
stride,  and,  as  a  rule,  the  action  is  fairly  straight.  Although 
the  Shire  has  been  much  improved  in  action,  he  is  still  a  little 
sluggish,  which  is  especially  noticeable  in  trotting  and  turning. 
In  the  United  States  the  Shire  has  been  used  more  extensively 
on  the  level  lands  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  than  elsewhere. 
Shire  stallions  make  an  excellent  cross  for  mares  of  moderate 
size  with  an  abundance  of  quality  but  lacking  in  substance. 

13.  Registration. — The  registration  of  Shire  horses  in 
Great  Britain  is  conducted  by  the  Shire  Horse  Society,  for- 
merly the  EngHsh  Cart  Horse  Society.  In  America  the  regis- 
tration is  in  charge  of  the  American  Shire  Horse  Breeders' 
Association. 

There  have  been  published  six  volumes  of  the  American 
Shire  Horse  Stud  Book  and  twenty-nine  volumes  of  the  English 
Shire  Horse  Stud  Book,  which  shows,  in  a  relative  way,  that  the 
Shires  are  not  extremely  popular  in  the  United  States. 


n 

243—30 


72  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §  36 


THE    BELGIAN 

14.  Origin  and  Development. — The  Belgian  breed  of  horses, 
as  the  name  implies,  is  a  product  of  Belgium.  The  modem 
Belgian  horse  is  a  direct  descendant  of  the  black  Flemish  horse, 
which  has  been  influential  in  improving  all  of  the  draft  breeds. 
Horse  breeding  has  long  been  an  important  industry  in  Belgium, 
having  been  practiced  at  first  for  the  production  of  war  horses 
and  later  for  the  production  of  horses  for  agricultural  purposes. 
In  1850  the  government  established  a  stud  at  Tervueren  for 
the  improvement  of  draft  horses,  and  in  1886  the  official 
draft  horse  society  of  Belgium,  Le  Cheval  de  trait  Beige,  was 
organized.  Since  the  latter  date  the  Belgian  government  has 
promoted  horse  breeding  by  making  annual  grants,  or  sub- 
sidies, to  the  society.  The  society  organized  and  holds  annual 
summer  shows  at  Brussels,  which  attract  visitors  and  buyers 
from  all  over  the  world.  It  has  a  membership  of  about  1,400 
breeders  and  up  to  the  present  time  has  registered  more  than 
58,000  stallions  and  72,000  mares.  The  society  registers 
about  10,000  horses  annually,  but  does  not  give  numbers  to 
the  stalHons  until  they  are  3  years  old;  a  number  is  not  given 
to  a  mare  until  she  has  produced  a  foal.  Stallions  are  given 
even  numbers  and  mares  odd  numbers.  From  the  preceding 
figures  it  will  be  seen  that  the  condition  in  Belgium  is  alto- 
gether different  than  in  the  United  States,  the  ntimber  of 
mares  registered  in  Belgium  greatly  exceeding  that  of  the 
stallions. 

15.  The  Belgian  in  America. — Dr.  A.  G.  Van  Hoorebeke, 
of  Monmouth,  Illinois,  made  an  importation  of  Belgians 
to  America  in  1866;  this  is  said  to  have  been  the  first.  At 
that  time  the  Belgian  horses  were  designated  as  Boulonais. 
Mr.  E.  Leferbure,  of  Fairfax,  Iowa,  began  importing  Belgians 
in  1888  and  continued  until  1905.  A  nimiber  of  small  importa- 
tions were  made  about  the  same  time  that  Mr.  Leferbure  began 
importing,  but  it  was  not  until  about  1900  that  any  great 
number  were  brought  to  the  United  States.  Only  a  compara- 
tively few  pure-bred  Belgian  mares  have  ever  been  imported 


§  36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  73 

16.  Description. — Fig.  7  shows  a  typical  Belgian  stallion. 
Fig.  8  shows  a  group  of  prize-winning  Belgian  stallions  owned 
by  Dunham  &  Fletcher,  of  Wayne,  Illinois. 

The  Belgian  is  the  heaviest  of  all  draft  horses.  The  stallions 
range  in  height  from  16  to  17  hands  and  vary  in  weight  from 
1,800  to  2,500  pounds.  The  mares,  of  coiirse,  are  considerably 
lighter  in  weight  than  the  stallions,  but  are  heavy  in  comparison 
with  mares  of  the  other  draft  breeds. 

The  characters  that  distingmsh  the  Belgian  draft  horse  from 
the  horses  of  other  draft  breeds  are  the  deep,  thick  body  and 
short  legs,  which  are  free  from  long  hair.  The  Belgian  horse 
possesses  a  hardy  constitution  and  is  a  good  feeder  on  coarse 
feeds.  He  lacks  the  levelness  of  top  that  is  desired,  many 
animals  of  the  breed  being  low  in  the  back,  rising  rather  high 
on  top  of  the  hips,  and  being  rather  short  and  drooping  in  the 
croup.  The  neck  of  the  Belgian  is  short  and  thick  and  has  a 
heavy  crest  that  extends  to  the  poll.  In  many  cases  the  head 
is  short  and  narrow  from  the  eyes  to  the  top  of  the  poll,  and 
long  and  coarse  from  the  eye  to  the  end  of  the  muzzle;  in  some 
cases  the  head  is  badly  placed  on  the  neck,  and  the  ears  are  set 
wide  apart  and  low,  making  it  difficult  for  a  bridle  or  halter  to 
be  kept  on.  The  legs  of  the  Belgian  are  short  and  have  mod- 
erately heavy  bone,  but  lack  the  flatness  of  cannon  that  is 
found  in  the  Clydesdale  and  the  Shire.  The  pasterns,  in  many 
instances,  are  a  little  short  and  upright,  and  the  feet  are  small, 
having  much  the  shape  of  the  feet  of  a  mule.  The  under  line 
is  not  so  straight  as  in  animals  of  the  other  draft  breeds  on 
account  of  the  big,  poddy  middles.  In  some  cases  the  hind 
legs  are  bent  too  much  at  the  hocks,  forming  what  is  called  a 
sickle  hock.  Perhaps  the  most  severe  criticisms  that  are  made 
of  the  Belgian  horse  by  unprejudiced  and  competent  judges 
are:  the  smallness  of  the  feet,  the  badly  set  pasterns,  the  poor 
shape  of  the  hock,  and  the  lack  of  levelness  of  top  line;  how- 
ever, all  of  these  faults  are  being  rapidly  improved  by  modem 
breeders. 

In  action,  when  the  Belgian  goes  true  and  straight,  he  is 
usually  good  at  the  trot,  but  not  so  good  at  the  walk,  being 
slow  and  sluggish,  and  having  a  short  stride. 


74  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §36 

The  prevailing  colors  of  the  Belgians  are  chestnut,  bay, 
brown,  and  red  roan;  occasionally  black  and  infrequently  gray 
occurs,  the  latter  color,  however,  not  being  popular.  The 
Belgian  horse  has  been  described  by  many  admirers  of  the 
breed  as  being  docile  and  intelligent;  however,  many  impartial 
judges  do  not  believe  him  to  be  equal,  either  in  intelligence  or 
disposition,  to  the  Percheron. 

The  Belgian  stands  the  shipment  of  importation  better  than 
the  horses  of  any  of  the  imported  breeds  and  becomes  acclimated 
readily.  In  recent  years,  since  the  larger  and  better  stallions 
have  been  imported,  the  Belgian  has  gained  much  in  reputation 
as  the  sire  of  good  commercial  horses.  Being  good  feeders, 
such  animals  mature  comparatively  early  and  usually  go  to 
the  market  in  better  condition  than  horses  of  any  other  draft 
breed. 

17.  Registration. — In  Belgium,  the  official  draft  horse 
society,  Le  Cheval  de  trait  Beige,  looks  after  the  registration 
of  Belgian  draft  horses.  In  America,  the  American  Associa- 
tion of  Importers  and  Breeders  of  Belgian  Draft  Horses  has 
charge  of  the  registration.  The  latter  association  was  organ- 
ized in  1877  and  has  published  two  volumes  of  the  stud  book. 


TIIE    SUFFOLK 

18.     Origin    and    Development. — The    Suffolk    breed    of 

horses,  sometimes  known  as  the  Suffolk  Punch  breed,  is  indig- 
enous to  Suffolk  County,  in  the  eastern  part  of  England.  There 
are  also  a  number  of  Suffolk  horses  in  Essex  and  other  counties 
of  Eastern  England.  The  true  foundation  of  the  breed  dates 
back  to  a  horse  foaled  in  1768,  known  as  the  Crisp  horse,  from 
the  name  of  its  owner,  a  Mr.  Crisp,  of  Ufford,  Sussex.  To  this 
horse  are  traced  all  pedigrees  of  Suffolk  horses  that  may  be 
registered  in  England  or  America.  The  Crisp  horse  was  a 
bright  chestnut  in  color,  stood  15|  hands  high,  and  proved  to 
be  a  remarkable  sire.  Since  the  time  of  the  Crisp  horse  four 
attempts  have  been  made  to  introduce  foreign  blood  for  the 
improvement  of  this  breed,  but  all  have  proved  futile. 


75 


76  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §  36 

19.  The  Sufifolk  in  America.— Siiff oik  horses  were  first 
imported  to  America  about  1880.  Since  that  time  importa- 
tions have  been  infrequent  and  the  breed  has  never  become 
well  known  in  this  country.  This  is  perhaps  due  to  the  com- 
paratively small  size  of  animals  of  the  breed.  Perhaps  more 
have  been  imported  into  Iowa  than  into  other  states ;  a  few  have 
been  imported  into  Wisconsin,  and  some  into  Ohio  and  eastern 
states.  When  crossed  on  the  common  mares  of  the  country, 
the  Suffolks  usually  produce  good  farm  horses  of  quality  and 
finish  that  are  particularly  smooth,  but  with  hardly  sufficient 
size,  unless  the  dam  is  large,  to  be  called  drafters. 

20.  Description. — In  Fig.  9  is  shown  a  typical  Suffolk 
stallion,  which  is  owned  by  O.  C.  Barber,  of  Barberton,  Ohio. 
Suffolk  horses  range  in  height  from  15|  to  16|  hands  high  and 
weigh  from  about  1,700  to  1,800  pounds.  The  Suffolk  is  not 
claimed  to  be  strictly  a  draft  horse,  but  is  suited  for  agricultural 
purposes. 

The  Suffolk  differs  from  the  Clydesdale  and  the  Shire  in 
that  it  is  free  from  all  long  hair  on  the  limbs.  It  has  a  neat 
head,  which  is  wide  in  the  forehead,  and  the  jaw  tapers  to  the 
muzzle.  The  neck  is  of  good  length  and  the  crest  exceptionally 
well  developed,  presenting  an  arched  appearance.  The  shoul- 
ders are  long  but  not  extremely  straight  nor  obliquely  set. 
The  back  and  loins  are  of  a  moderate  length;  the  ribs  are 
extremely  deep  and  well  sprung;  the  hips  are  not  prominent; 
and  the  croup  is  long  and  level,  in  fact,  more  so  than  in  the  case 
of  the  horse  of  any  of  the  other  draft  breeds.  The  thighs  and 
quarters  are  muscular  and  extremely  well  developed.  The 
legs,  which  are  rather  short,  are  free  from  feather,  and  appear 
to  be  a  little  light  in  bone;  however,  breeders  disclaim  this, 
stating  that  it  is  simply  because  they  are  free  from  feather. 
The  pasterns  are  of  moderate  length  and  the  feet  are  of  good 
texture,  although  at  one  time  they  were  criticized  for  being 
too  flat. 

In  color,  the  Suffolk  is  always  some  shade  of  chestnut,  either 
light  or  dark,  the  light  being  preferred.  The  color  of  horses  of 
this  breed  is  exceptionally  uniform. 


§  36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  77 

In  quality  and  action  the  Suffolk  ranks  well.  Animals  of 
this  breed  are  seldom  coarse,  and  in  action  they  stand  next  to 
the  Clydesdale. 

21.  Registration. — In  England,  the  Suffolk  Stud  Book 
Society  has  charge  of  registrations.  Volume  I  was  published 
in  1880,  and  up  to  the  present  time  about  sixteen  volumes  have 
been  issued.  The  American  Suffolk  Horse  Association  has 
charge  of  the  registrations  in  the  United  States,  but  no  stud 
books  have  been  issued. 

MARKET   CLASSES   OF   HORSES 

22.  As  has  been  explained  in  a  previous  Section,  the  market 
classification  of  horses  is  based  on  their  size,  conformation, 
height,  weight,  style,  and  action.  A  classification  based  on 
such  widely  variable  characters  as  these  must  necessarily  be 
somewhat  flexible,  that  is,  the  lines  of  division  between  the 
classes  must  be  more  or  less  a  matter  of  personal  opinion  and 
subject  to  change  according  to  the  market  demands  for  and  the 
supply  of  any  particular  class.  Many  animals  go  to  market 
and  help  to  supply  the  demand  that  are  not  altogether  typical 
of  the  market  class  in  which  they  are  sold.  In  attempting  to 
meet  the  market  demands,  if  there  are  not  enough  horses  of  a 
particular  type,  dealers  try  to  fill  the  demand  as  far  as  possible 
with  animals  that  are  only  partly  typical  of  the  class.  Not- 
withstanding this  indefinite  classification,  most  horsemen 
recognize  an  approved  type  for  each  market  class.  It  is  the 
purpose  to  describe,  in  the  following  pages,  these  approved 
types. 

In  Table  I  are  given  the  names  of  the  market  classes  and 
subclasses  of  horses,  and  the  height  and  weight  requirements 
for  each.  It  will  be  seen  that  in  most  cases  the  name  of  the 
class  and  subclass  is  suggestive  of  the  use  to  which  the  horses 
belonging  to  it  are  put. 

23.  Draft-Horse  Class. — The  draft -horse  class  is  composed 
of  horses  that  are  broad,  massive,  rugged,  and  compact,  and 
possess    sufficient   weight,    strength,    and    endurance   to   pull 


ooocooooooooooooooooo 

lOCOioOiOOOOOiOioioOLoiOOOLoOO 
r-^<N(Nir)rfcNio-^CNr^cNi-Hi-HMOMO)(NCNi-'0 

hHCNtNI-ll-ll-IMI-HWMI-ll-IMWWI-IMI-ll-ll-CI-l 

ooooooooooooooooo 

o    o    o    o    o    o    o 

O     O     O     O     O     lO    lO 
On    On    On    On    O     On  00 


o 

o 

n 

n 

o 

o 

O 

O 

O 

o    c 

-)     o 

o 

o 

Q 

lO 

o 

o 

o 

o 

lO 

O 

•o 

o    c 

J     u 

C5 

lO 

■o^ 

t^ 

1— 1 

CO 

ro 

"- 

q. 

04     w     On 

u 

q_ 

)— 1 

iH|r)    WiM    iHlf)  ml'*    «l-#    r-llN  HlC-l    HI-H    i-IN    "N    "HItJI    rH|N  ^1-))    n^    H|M 


OOOOOOOOOO 

-M-l-'-l-J+J-l-'4-'-i-J+J+J+J 

n]-*t  r-l-H  i-^N   rtlril  HlM   «|^ 


LO    lo    -^    LO    lO    r|- 


O 


;3 

O 


5  ^ 


'd 


o    2 


tuO 


.2f    OJ     o     rt     03     g 

J  ffi  J  pq  Pl^  c^ 


O 


!^   ^    tn   .t:^ 
P^   Q   <   fcn 


O      W       M 

03  X3  t;  ^ 


O    T3 


M    a;  -Th 


r^  ^  J5    i?^  a 


B  ^  ^  -  ^ 


o 


Q 


o 


o 
o 

biD 
o3 


O 

OiO 

03 


03 
U 


o 

'Id 

03 
O 


o 


03 
C/2 


78 


§  36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  79 

heavy  loads.  The  weight  should  come  from  size  rather  than 
an  abundance  of  fat,  although  a  good  covering  of  fat  is  desirable 
on  a  draft  horse  intended  for  market.  Strength  in  a  draft 
horse  is  usually  an  attribute  of  weight,  as  the  heavier  the 
animal  the  easier  it  is  for  it  to  move  hea\^  loads.  Heavy  bone 
of  good  quality,  and  muscularity  of  limbs  is  the  best  evidence 
of  endurance.  Draft  horses  range  in  height  from  15f  to  17| 
hands,  and  weigh  from  1,600  to  2,200  pounds  or  more.  The 
action  should  be  energetic  and  spirited,  and  the  stride  at  the 
walk  should  be  long  and  rapid. 

The  draft -horse  class  has  been  divided  into  light  draft  horses, 
heavy  draft  horses,  and  loggers,  but  the  distinction  between 
the  light  and  the  hea\^  subclasses  is  rarely  made  on  the  market, 
pertaining  almost  exclusively  to  the  show  ring. 

24.  Light  draft  horses  are  from  15f  to  16|  hands  high 
and  weigh  from  1,600  to  1,750  pounds.  Although  15f  hands 
is  accepted  as  the  minimum  height  for  an  animal  of  this  sub- 
class, it  should  be  understood  that  a  horse  of  this  height  is  less 
desirable  than  one  that  is  taller,  and  that  it  closely  approaches 
the  eastern  chunk  subclass. 

25.  Heavy  draft  horses  are  the  heaviest  type  of  horses; 
they  weigh  from  1,750  to  2,200  pounds  or  more,  and  are  from 
16  to  17|  hands  high.  A  typical  specimen  of  the  heavy  draft 
subclass  is  shown  in  Fig.  10.  This  animal  is  excellent  in  com- 
pactness of  body  and  smoothness  of  finish.  He  is  16 j  hands 
high  and  weighs  1,950  poimds. 

26.  Loggers  are  heavy  draft  horses  that  are  used  in  the 
lumbering  regions  for  drawing  heavy  loads  of  logs.  They 
usually  differ  from  the  heavy  draft  horses  in  being  plain,  rough, 
or  slightly  unsound  in  some  respect,  such  as  being  defective  in 
wind,  having  sidebones,  boggy  hocks,  etc.;  these  and  other 
unsoundnesses  will  be  explained  in  a  subsequent  Section. 
Occasionally,  good  horses  are  purchased  for  logging  purposes, 
but  as  a  rule  the  trade  demands  rather  cheap  animals.  A 
logger  is  shown  in  Fig.  11.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  hindquar- 
ters of  this  animal  are  very  plain,  the  croup  being  drooping, 


81 


84  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §  36 

the  hind  flank  cut  up  too  high,  and  the  hind  legs  crooked,  or 
sickle-hocked.  This  horse  is  16^  hands  high  and  weighs 
1,950  pounds. 

In  recent  years  the  demand  for  draft  horses  has  exceeded  the 
supply,  and,  as  a  result,  prices  for  animals  of  this  class  are  high. 

27.  Chunk  Class. — Horses  of  the  chunk  class  are  short 
legged,  broad,  and  heavy  set.  The  name  of  the  class  is  indica- 
tive of  the  conformation  of  the  animals  rather  than  of  the  use 
to  which  they  are  put.  As  a  class,  chunks  are  less  uniform  in 
type  than  the  animals  of  any  other  class.  They  vary  in 
height  from  15  to  16  hands  and  weigh  from  about  800  to  1,550 
pounds.  The  subclasses  of  the  chunk  class  are  eastern  and 
export  chunks,  farm  chunks,  and  southern  chunks. 

28.  Eastern  and  export  chunks  are  of  much  the  same  type 
and  conformation  as  draft  horses,  but  are  a  little  more  blocky 
and  compact.  They  weigh  from  1,300  to  1,550  pounds,  and 
range  in  height  from  15  to  16  hands,  although,  as  a  rule,  they 
are  not  more  than  15f  hands.  At  one  time  a  considerable 
number  were  exported,  but  in  recent  years  the  price  has  been 
too  high  to  permit  of  a  profit  in  such  business.  The  use  for 
eastern  and  export  chunks  is  pretty  much  the  same  as  that  for 
draft  horses;  they  are  largely  used  in  pairs  and  in  threes  for 
trucking  purposes.  Some  horses  of  the  eastern-chunk  type  may 
be  found  on  the  market  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  but  not  in 
such  great  numbers  as  during  the  spring.  They  usually  bring 
good  prices,  but  less  than  those  for  draft  horses.  Fig.  12  shows 
a  choice  animal  of  the  chunk  subclass.  The  horse  shown  is 
15^  hands  high  and  weighs  1,530  pounds. 

29.  Farm  chunks  are  an  important  item  in  the  horse  mar- 
ket, particularly  during  the  spring  months.  At  other  seasons 
they  are  usually  sold  to  supply  demands  other  than  for  farm- 
ing. Farm  chunks  are  lighter  in  bone  and  not  as  unifonn  in 
type  as  eastern  chunks.  Their  lack  of  uniformity  is  largely 
due  to  the  fact  that  farmers  are  of  varying  opinions  as  to  the 
best  type  of  horse  for  farm  use,  and  often  accept  the  commoner 
and  inferior  grades.     Some  farmers  who  do  not  wish  to  pay 


§36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  85 

high  prices  for  farm  horses  buy  animals  that  are  slightly  blem- 
ished or  unsound.  The  greatest  demand  is  for  animals  that 
weigh  from  1,200  to  1,400  pounds  and  are  from  15  to  15f  hands 
high.  Mares  are  usually  preferred  to  geldings,  as  most  farmers 
want  horses  for  breeding  purposes  as  well  as  for  work.  In  the 
case  of  farm  chunks,  the  walk  is  the  most  important  gait,  but 
because  of  the  varied  work  on  a  farm,  it  is  important  that 
the  animals  be  quick  and  active,  and  be  able  to  trot  readily,  if 
necessary.  Farm  chunks  sell  readily,  as  a  rule,  but  do  not 
bring  as  high  prices  as  eastern  and  export  chunks.  Fig.  13 
shows  a  choice  farm  chunk.  This  animal  is  15f  hands  high 
and  weighs  1,400  pounds.  The  bone  is  a  trifle  light,  but 
this  character  is  often  found  in  horses  of  the  farm  chunk 
subclass. 

30.  Southern  chunks,  or  southern  horses,  as  they  are  more 
generally  called,  are  lighter  in  bone  and  more  rangy  in  confor- 
mation than  farm  chimks,  being  from  about  15  to  15|  hands 
high  and  weighing  from  about  800  to  1,250  pounds.  They  are 
somewhat  of  the  road-horse  type,  and  usually  possess  consid- 
erable light-horse  blood.  As  in  the  case  of  farm  chunks,  mares 
are  preferred  to  geldings,  and  good  action  is  even  more  desired 
than  in  farm  chunks.  Southern  chunks  are  taken  to  the  south- 
em  states  where  they  are  largely  used  for  agricultural  purposes. 
The  trade  in  this  subclass  begins  in  the  autumn  and  is  best 
during  the  winter.  Southern  chunks  are  in  less  demand  and 
bring  lower  prices  than  farm  chunks.  A  good  specimen  of  the 
Southern  chunk  subclass  is  shown  in  Fig.  14.  This  mare  has 
excellent  quality  and  finish,  but  might  be  a  little  lower  in  the 
hind  flank.  She  is  15|  hands  high  and  weighs  about  1,150 
pounds. 

31.  Wagon-Horse  Class. — Animals  of  the  wagon-horse 
class  are  used  principally  for  the  pulling  of  light  wagons,  such 
as  delivery  and  express  wagons,  on  city  streets.  Horses  of 
good  action  are  required  for  this  purpose,  as  they  are  required 
to  do  their  work  at  a  fairly  rapid  gait.  In  order  to  stand  the 
work,  a  wagon  horse  must  have  a  good  constitution,  and  it  is 
especially  important  that  it  have  good  feet  and  limbs,  and  bone 


213—31 


88  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §  3G 

of  the  best  quality.  Horses  of  this  class  are  from  about  15  to 
17|  hands  high  and  weigh  from  about  1,050  to  1,700  pounds. 
The  subclasses  of  the  wagon-horse  class  are  express  horses, 
delivery-wagon  horses,  artillery  horses,  and  fire  horses. 

32.  Express  horses  are  used  singly  or  in  pairs  by  express 
companies  in  the  collecting  and  delivering  of  packages.  The 
siz,e  of  the  horses  that  are  used  is  determined  by  the  weight  of 
the  wagon,  whether  the  horses  are  worked  singly  or  doubly, 
and  the  extent  of  the  territory  from  which  collections  and 
deliveries  are  made.  The  lightest  grade  of  express  horses, 
which  are  hitched  to  light  wagons  and  used  for  the  delivering 
of  valuable  packages,  such  as  money,  etc.,  are  known  as  money 
horses;  such  horses  must  be  capable  of  doing  fast  work.  The 
typical  express  horse  should  stand  from  about  15f  to  16^  hands 
high  and  weigh  about  1,400  pounds  when  in  working  condition. 
It  is  important  that  the  shoulders  and  pasterns  of  an  express 
horse  be  obliquely  set  and  that  the  limbs  should  be  of  excellent 
quality,  with  large  feet  and  hoofs  of  a  dense,  tough  horn.  The 
back  and  loins  should  be  short,  broad,  and  well  muscled;  and 
the  quarters  and  thighs  deep,  broad,  and  powerful.  Express 
horses  should  be  quick,  active,  full  of  energy  and  spirit,  and 
able  to  keep  their  feet  well  under  them  when  pulling  either  at 
the  walk  or  the  trot.  Fig.  15  shows  an  excellent  animal  of  the 
express  subclass.  This  horse  is  16  hands  high,  weighs  1,375 
pounds,  and  is  almost  faultless  in  conformation. 

33.  Delivery- wagon  horses,  or,  as  they  are  often  termed, 
wagon  horses,  are  similar  to  express  horses,  but  are  not  quite 
so  large  and  generally  not  as  high  grade,  as  most  mercantile 
firms  do  not  care  to  pay  large  prices  for  horses.  However, 
there  are  exceptions,  some  large  department  stores  buying 
nothing  but  choice  animals.  Delivery-wagon  horses  should 
have  clean,  hard,  flinty  legs,  and  good  feet  and  pasterns.  The 
range  in  height  is  from  15  to  16  hands  and  in  weight  from  1,100 
to  1,400  pounds.  There  is  always  a  good  demand  at  remunera- 
tive prices  for  the  better  grades  of  express  and  delivery-wagon 
horses,  but  the  lower  grades  do  not  sell  so  well.  The  demand 
for  delivery-wagon  horses  is  largely  for  the  drawing  of  parcel- 


§36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  89 

delivery  wagons,  and  conies  chiefly  from  retail  houses.  Some 
of  the  coarser,  rougher  animals  are  used  for  heavier  work,  such 
as  the  pulling  of  huckster  wagons,  junk  wagons,  etc.  Fig.  16 
shows  a  good  animal  of  this  subclass. 

34.  Artillery  horses  should  be  from  about  15|  to  16  hands 
high,  weigh  from  about  1,050  to  1,200  pounds,  and  be  from 
5  to  8  years  old.  Only  geldings  are  used  for  artillery  purposes, 
and  the  demand  is  rather  spasmodic.  Contracts  are  let  by  the 
government  to  the  lowest  responsible  bidder  to  supply  them  in 
large  numbers  by  a  specified  time.  Because  of  the  rigid  exam- 
ination the  animals  must  iindergo  at  the  hands  of  official 
inspectors,  many  men  have  lost  money  in  filling  contracts  for 
artillery  horses.     A  typical  artillery  horse  is  shown  in  Fig.  17. 

35.  Fire  horses,  as  the  term  implies,  are  animals  that  are 
used  for  the  drawing  of  fire-fighting  apparatus.  Because  of 
the  fact  that  such  horses  are  required  to  pull  comparatively 
heavy  loads  at  fast  speed,  it  is  necessary  that  they  be  more 
rangy  than  express  horses.  There  is  a  wide  range  in  the  limits 
of  height  and  weight  from  the  smallest  to  the  largest  of  fire 
horses.  For  heavy  engines  and  heavy  hook-and-ladder  trucks 
they  should  weigh  from  about  1,500  to  1,700  pounds  and  stand 
from  about  16  to  17|  hands  high.  Hose-cart  horses  should 
weigh  from  about  1,200  to  1,400  pounds,  and  range  in  height 
from  15  to  about  16|  hands.  Fire  horses  must  be  intelligent 
and  otherwise  smted  for  the  work.  The  deinands  for  these 
horses  is  from  cities  maintaining  paid  fire  departments  and  is 
quite  limited.  Enough  fire  horses  are  found  in  the  general 
supply  to  meet  the  demand,  so  that  it  does  not  pay  farmers  to 
try  to  produce  them,  although  they  sell  at  remunerative  prices. 
Automobile  fire  trucks  are  now  replacing  many  fire  horses. 
Fig.  18  shows  a  good  fire  horse,  and  Fig.  19,  a  typical  fire  team 
hitched  to  apparatus.  These  animals  belong  to  the  fire  depart- 
ment of  Chicago,  Illinois. 

36.  Carriage-Horse  Class.- — Horses  of  the  carriage-horse 
class  are  used  for  drawing  heavy  vehicles  and  are  frequently 
spoken  of  as  heavy -harness  horses.     They  range  in  height  from 


91 


■,    1 

f-0t^^^ 

^^^ 

^ 

1    /^       '^^^iy 

%^^gMjMi||itlMMaj^|i|BP^^^^^BBB                 ■  .<^<^ 

«; 

93 


^<^,x* 


.  '■■  :| 


96 


97 


98  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §36 

14j  to  16 J  hands  and  weigh  from  900  to  1,250  pounds.  Car- 
riage horses  are  smoothly  turned  and  high-headed ;  they  possess 
an  abundance  of  quaHty  and  have  high  action  and  fair  speed. 
Everything  about  a  carriage  horse  should  indicate  neatness  and 
refinement.  The  neck  should  be  long  and  arched,  the  head 
small  and  clean-cut,  and  the  ears  neatly  set.  The  shoulders 
should  be  oblique  in  order  to  enable  the  horse  to  carry  his 
knees  as  high  as  possible.  The  back  should  be  short  and  well 
muscled;  the  ribs  should  spring  well  from  the  spine,  giving  a 
round  barrel;  the  hips  should  be  rounding,  and  the  croup  com- 
paratively level  and  well  muscled;  the  quarters  should  be  deep, 
and  the  tail  set  high.  The  limbs  should  be  well  set,  clean, 
flinty,  and  free  from  blemishes  or  unsoundness.  The  sub- 
classes of  the  carriage-horse  class  are  coach  horses,  cobs,  park 
horses,  and  cab  horses. 

37.  Coach  horses  must  have  high  action  and  beauty  of 
form.  They  must  flex  the  hocks  well  under  the  body  and  carry 
the  knees  high  toward  the  chin.  They  are  a  little  larger  than 
other  horses  of  the  carriage  class,  and  may  be  said  to  be  a  little 
more  stately  in  action  than  cobs  or  park  horses.  Coach  horses 
with  good  confonnation  but  deficient  in  style  and  action  are 
comparatively  low-priced  animals.  Coarseness  is  a  common 
fault  in  this  subclass  and  is  very  objectionable ;  flat  ribs,  staggy 
necks,  and  long  backs  are  other  faults  that  are  objectionable. 
Coach  horses  should  be  from  15|  to  16|  hands  high  and  weigh 
from  1,100  to  1,250  pounds.  The  demand  is  for  trotters  only. 
In  Fig.  20  is  shown  the  noted  coacher,  President,  owned  by 
E.  D.  Jordan,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Fig  21  shows  a 
coach  team  in  harness. 

38.  Cobs  are  small,  stocky  coach  horses  that  are  from  14j 
to  15|  hands  high  and  weigh  from  900  to  1,150  pounds.  The 
cob  is  a  popular  English  type,  and  in  England  a  horse  is  never 
considered  a  cob  that  is  over  15  hands  high.  The  action  of  the 
cob  is  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  coach  horse,  being,  perhaps, 
a  trifle  higher  at  the  knees  and  hocks.  Cobs  should  be  some- 
what quicker  on  their  feet  than  coach  horses.  Owing  to  the 
fact  that  cobs  are  particularly  suitable  for  lady  drivers,  they 


§36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  99 

are  often  spoken  of  as  ladies'  cobs.  They  are  usually  hitched 
to  a  light  brougham,  phaeton,  or  some  carriage  that  is  not 
intended  for  carrying  more  than  four.  As  a  rule,  city  pur- 
chasers require  that  the  tails  of  cobs  be  docked ;  this  operation, 
however,  should  be  left  to  the  dealer  or  buyer.  Fig.  22  shows 
the  noted  cob,  Tinker  Bell.  Fig.  23  shows  Alfred  Vanderbilt's 
cob  team,  Polly  Prim  and  Sweet  Marie.  These  animals  are 
the  highest  type  of  the  cob  subclass. 

39.  Park  horses  are  used  strictly  for  display  purposes,  such 
as  for  driving  in  parks  or  on  boulevards,  and  are  usually  used 
by  horse  fanciers.  An  abundance  of  quality  and  extremely 
high  action  at  both  knees  and  hocks  are  essential  in  horses  of 
this  subclass.  Because  of  their  high  action,  a  great  speed  is 
seldom  secured.  Park  horses  should  be  well  broken  and  have 
good  manners.  For  a  lady's  use,  a  horse  of  a  solid  color  is  more 
desirable  than  one  with  white  markings;  it  is  not  considered 
good  taste  for  a  lady  to  drive  a  strikingly  marked  horse.  The 
height  of  a  park  horse  ranges  from  15  to  15f  hands,  but  the 
most  desirable  height  is  about  15|  hands.  The  weight  for 
this  subclass  ranges  from  1,000  to  1,150  pounds.  An  excellent 
park  horse  is  shown  in  Fig.  24;  this  animal  is  Lady  Seaton,  a 
noted  prize  winner.  Fig.  25  shows  a  tandem  park  team  in 
action. 

40.  Cab  horses  range  from  15|  to  16j  hands  high  and  weigh 
from  1,050  to  1,200  pounds.  Many  of  them  are  either  the 
lower  grades  of  the  coach  class  or  worn-out  and  discarded  coach 
horses.  They  are  used  chiefly  in  cities  for  the  conveyance  of 
vehicles  for  public  service.  The  requirements  of  this  subclass 
differ  from  those  of  the  other  carriage  subclasses  in  that  high 
action  is  not  wanted;  however,  moderate  action  is  desired. 
The  principal  qualities  sought  in  cab  horses  are  symmetry  of 
form  and  endurance,  the  evidence  of  the  latter  being  good  feet 
and  bone,  strong  constitution,  and  a  deep  barrel  with  good 
spring  of  rib  and  close  coupling.  Not  as  much  flesh  is  required 
on  cab  horses  as  on  horses  of  the  other  carriage  classes,  but  they 
should  be  in  good  condition  and  fit  for  service.  Owing  to  the 
fact  that,  as  a  rule,  cab  horses  are  not  high-class  animals  and 


100 


§  36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  103 

that  the  supply  is  larger  than  the  demand,  they  do  not  bring 
very  high  prices.     Fig.  26  shows  a  typical  cab  horse, 

41.  Road-Horse  Class. — Road  horses  are  more  lithe  in 
build  and  angular  in  form  than  those  of  the  carriage  class.  They 
are  frequently  spoken  of  as  drivers  or  as  light-harness  horses, 
and  should  be  able  to  travel  rapidly  and  cover  a  good  distance 
without  undue  fatigue.  Although  performance  is  the  prin- 
cipal quality  sought,  a  good  conformation  is  very  desirable. 
This  class  is  composed  of  runabout  horses  and  roadsters. 

42.  Runabout  horses  occupy  an  intennediate  place  between 
typical  roadsters  and  carriage  horses.  They  wear  harness  much 
like  that  of  carriage  horses,  but  in  action  and  conformation  and 
in  the  use  to  which  they  are  put  they  correspond  more  to  the 
roadster.  They  are  not  so  hea\y  and  full  as  coach  horses,  and 
are  not  so  light,  thin,  and  angrdar  as  roadsters.  They  are  used 
on  runabouts,  driving  wagons,  phaetons,  etc.  Runabout  horses 
are  rather  short  legged,  are  from  14f  to  15J  hands  high,  and 
weigh  from  900  to  1,050  pounds.  A  choice  runabout  horse  is 
shown  in  Fig.  27.  Fig.  28  shows  a  noted  runabout  team.  Lord 
Nelson  and  Grand  Duke. 

43.  Roadsters  are  less  uniform  and  usually  more  lithe  and 
angular  than  runabout  horses.  The  market  requires  roadsters 
to  be  from  15  to  16  hands  high  and  weigh  from  900  to  1,150 
potinds.  In  general,  a  roadster  may  be  described  as  having  the 
greyhound  form,  often  being  a  little  higher  at  the  hips  than  at 
the  withers,  and  powerfully  developed  in  the  hind  limbs.  Speed, 
style,  and  stamina  are  the  principal  qualities  sought  for.  Road- 
sters should  have  a  long,  free,  open  stride  and  quick  recovery; 
they  should  mo^^e  the  feet  in  a  straight  line  and  have  good  knee 
action,  although  it  need  not  be  excessively  high.  Interfering, 
forging,  cross-firing,  and  sprawling  of  the  hind  legs  are  common 
faults  in  roadsters  and  are  objected  to;  these  faults  are  explained 
fully  in  a  subsequent  Section. 

The  more  speed  roadsters  possess  the  higher  prices  they 
bring.  For  road  work  the  demand  is  stronger  for  trotters  than 
for  pacers,  but  for  racing  purposes  there  is  little  difference. 

243—32 


,  ■  -J-  . 

^^ 

^^9 

■3" 

mt 

■^ 

^L 

i'                   Sh^^hI^^^B 

^ 

'I 

4 

p* 

■J 

^1^— r- 

•vlt" 

"^'^fet**""*!*.^             J 

t-    .' 

^R\ 

s  -'^B 

•    ^^K: 

/          L.-W— — •t^^^B 

B 

^K 

% 

■ 

105 


108  TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET  §  36 

Fig.  29  shows  Lucia  G.,  an  excellent  roadster  owned  by  the 
Winoga  Stock  Farm,  of  Chestnut  Hill,  Pennsylvania.  Fig.  30 
shows  a  choice  roadster  team,  Lugano  and  Como. 

44.  Saddle-Horse  Class. — The  most  important  require- 
ment for  an  animal  of  the  saddle-horse  class  is  to  be  sure  of  foot, 
as  no  rider  cares  to  mount  a  stumbler.  A  saddle  horse  should 
also  be  an  easy  rider,  and  be  easily  controlled.  In  order  to 
possess  these  requirements,  the  animal  should  have  oblique 
shoulders  and  pasterns,  to  give  springiness  to  the  gait;  high, 
thin  withers,  to  prevent  the  saddle  from  turning  and  to  hold  it 
midway  between  the  front  and  the  hind  legs;  a  short  back  and 
short  loins,  for  strength  in  carrying  weight;  and  a  moderately 
long  neck  and  a  good  mouth,  to  give  suppleness  and  ease  of 
control.  A  horse  that  lugs  at  the  bit  is  undesirable  as  a  sad- 
dler. The  croup  should  be  long,  level,  and  muscular,  and  the 
tail  neatly  attached  and  smartly  carried.  In  selecting  a  saddle 
horse,  it  is  a  good  plan  to  choose  a  conformation  that  will  place 
the  rider  well  back  on  the  animal,  thus  lessening  the  weight  on 
the  fore  end.  The  subclasses  of  the  saddle-horse  class  are: 
five-gaited  saddlers,  three-gaited  saddlers,  hunters,  cavalry  horses, 
and  polo  ponies. 

45.  Five-gaited  saddlers,  often  spoken  of  as  gaited  saddle 
horses  or  as  American  saddle  horses,  are  the  result  of  skilful 
selection  and  breeding  for  more  than  half  a  century.  They 
should  possess  the  five  recognized  distinct  gaits  under  the  sad- 
dle, namely,  the  walk,  the  trot,  the  canter,  the  single-foot  or 
rack,  and  a  slow  gait,  which  may  be  either  the  running  walk, 
the  fox  trot,  or  the  slow  pace.  The  action  should  be  bold  and 
vigorous,  with  no  inclination  to  mix  gaits.  The  rack  should  be 
smooth,  graceful,  rapid,  and  free  from  side  motion,  which  pro- 
duces roughness  when  going  fast.  The  horse  should  be  taught 
to  lead  with  either  leg  in  cantering,  and  to  go  slow  or  fast 
according  to  the  pleasure  of  the  rider.  The  action  at  the  trot 
should  not  be  high,  but  should  be  free  and  open,  and  the  hind 
legs  kept  well  under  the  body.  Horses  of  this  subclass  should 
have  a  long,  flowing  tail  that  is  gracefully  carried.  The  most 
desirable  height  for  a  five-gaited  saddle  horse  is  from  15|  to 


§  36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  109 

15f  hands,  and  the  most  desirable  weight  is  from  1,050  to  1,150 
pounds,  although  the  range  in  height  is  from  15  to  16  hands 
and  in  weight  from  900  to  1,200  pounds.  Fig.  31  shows 
Kentucky's  Choice,  a  noted  five-gaited  saddler. 

46.  Three-gaited  saddlers  are  much  the  same  in  general 
type  and  conformation  as  the  five-gaited  saddlers,  but  they  are 
a  little  more  compactly  built,  having  shorter  necks  and  bodies; 
the  tails  are  usually  docked  and  set;  and  they  have  only  the 
three  gaits:  the  walk,  the  trot,  and  the  canter.  This  subclass 
is  subdivided  into  light  and  heavy  horses,  the  former  being 
expected  to  carry  weights  of  not  over  165  pounds,  and  the  latter 
weights  above  this.  In  general,  the  heavy  weights  are  about  an 
inch  taller  and  50  to  100  pounds  hea\der  than  the  light  weights. 
Fig.  32  shows  an  excellent  three-gaited  saddler,  Nuff  Sed. 

47.  Hunters  are  horses  used  by  sportsmen  to  ride  after 
hounds.  They  are  often  required  to  take  daring  leaps  over 
fences  and  gullies,  and  must  be  fearless  and  trained  to  jimip. 
They  should  be  strongly  built  and  able  to  stand  long,  hard 
rides  without  becoming  unduly  jaded.  In  the  show  ring, 
hunters  are  classified  as  light,  medium,  and  heavy  weights,  the 
division  being  determined  by  the  w^eight  they  are  expected  to 
carry.  The  limits  in  weight  for  hunters  are  from  1,000  to 
1,250  pounds.  The  most  desirable  height  is  from  15|  to  16 
hands,  but  may  be  slightly  more.  A  light-weight  hunter  is 
not  expected  to  carry  over  165  pounds;  a  middle  weight,  is 
expected  to  carry  from  165  to  190  pounds;  and  a  heavy  weight, 
190  pounds  or  over.  Fig.  33  shows  a  noted  hunter.  Rock  Crest, 
owned  by  Frederick  Bull,  of  New  York  City. 

48.  Cavahy  horses,  as  the  name  implies,  are  horses  used 
by  the  government  for  cavalry  mounts.  For  this  service,  the 
government  requires  geldings  of  uniform  and  lasting  color. 
They  must  be  in  good  condition,  from  4  to  8  years  old,  weigh 
from  950  to  1,100  pounds,  and  be  from  15  to  15f  hands  high. 
Like  artillery  horses,  they  are  purchased  by  contract,  orders 
being  given  to  the  lowest  responsible  bidder.  A  typical  cavalry 
horse  is  shown  in  Fig.  34. 


113 


114 


§36  CLASSES  OF  HORSES  115 

49.  Polo  ponies  are  small  saddlers  that  are  used  in  playing 
polo.  The  four  essentials  which  they  must  possess  are  a  speci- 
fied size,  weight-carrying  ability,  agility,  and  speed.  The  rules 
of  the  American  Polo  Association  fix  the  maximum  height  of 
Polo  ponies  at  14|  hands,  but  the  rules  are  frequently  disre- 
garded. The  limits  in  weight  are  from  850  to  1,000  poimds. 
Although  the  larger  ponies  may  have  the  advantage  over  the 
smaller  in  weight  and  speed,  it  is  generally  conceded  that  they 
are  not  so  quick  to  stop  and  start,  which  is  a  very  important 
requisite.  They  should  possess  a  conformation  indicative  of 
strength  and  endurance,  and  also  possess  a  marked  degree  of 
intelligence,  for  if  they  are  not  capable  of  acquiring  an  educa- 
tion they  are  worthless  for  polo.  They  must  be  sure  footed, 
quick  on  foot,  and  dextrous  in  starting,  stopping,  and  turning. 
A  polo  pony  is  shown  in  Fig.  35. 


TYPES,  BREEDS,  AND  MARKET 
CLASSES  OF  HORSES 

(PART  2) 

EXAMINATION  QUESTIONS 

(1)  What  is  the  standing  of  the  Clydesdale  breed  in  America? 

(2)  For  what  kind  of  mares  do  Shire  stallions  make  an  excellent 
cross? 

(3)  How  do  Percherons  compare  in  weight  with  horses  of  the  other 
draft  breeds? 

(4)  In  what  respect  does  the  Percheron  excel  the  horses  of  all  the 
other  draft  breeds? 

(5)  Explain    the    misapplication    in    America    of    the    term    French 
Draft  breed. 

(6)  In  what  points  are  Clydesdale  horses  superior  to  those  of  other 
draft  breeds? 

(7)  What  characters   distinguish   Belgian  horses   from  other  draft 
horses? 

(8)  What  commendable  qualities  are  possessed  by  the  progeny  of 
Belgian  sires? 

(9)  For  what  purpose  are  Suffolk  horses  particularly  suited? 

(10)  With  respect  to  what  point  do  English  and  American  breeders 
of  Shire  horses  differ? 

(11)  What  is  the  standing  of  the  Suffolk  breed  in  America? 

(12)  Give  the  names  of  the  different  market  classes  of  horses  and 
the  subclasses  of  each. 

(13)  What  may  be  said  of  the  demand  for  draft  horses  and  the 
prices  that  may  be  obtained  for  them? 

(14)  In  what  respect  do  loggers  differ  from  heavy  draft  horses? 

(15)  What    are    the    height    and    weight    requirements    for    farm 
chunks? 

(16)  How  do  eastern  and  export  chunks  differ  from  draft  horses? 

(17)  What  is  the  chief  use  for  southern  chunks? 

(18)  What  is  meant  by  the  term  money  horse  f 

(19)  What  are  the  market  requirements  for  coach  horses? 

(20)  With  respect  to  action,  how  do  cobs  differ  from  coach  horses? 

(21)  For  what  purpose  are  park  horses  used,  and  what  qualities  are 
demanded  in  horses  of  this  subclass? 

(22)  What  are  the  market  requirements  for  roadsters? 

(23)  What  gaits  must  be  possessed  by  a  five-gaited  saddler? 

(24)  How  do  three-gaited  saddlers  differ  from  five-gaited  saddlers? 

(25)  Give  the  market  requirements  for  hunters. 

Mail  your  work  on  this  lesson  as  soon  as  you  have  finished  it  and  looked  It 
over  carefully.     DO  NOT  HOLD  IT  until  another  lesson  is  ready. 

§36 


SUPPLIES    FOR    STUDENTS 

In  order  to  do  good  work,  it  is  very  necessary  for  our  students  to  secure  the  best 
materials,  instruments,  etc.  used  in  their  Courses.  We  have  often  found  that  inexperi- 
enced students  have  paid  exorbitant  prices  for  inferior  supplies,  and  their  progress  has 
been  greatly  retarded  thereby.  To  insure  our  students  against  such  error,  arrangements 
have  been  made  with  the  Technical  Supply  Company,  of  Scranton,  Pa.,  to  furnish  such  as 
desire  them  with  all  the  supplies  necessary  in  the  different  Courses. 

SEE  PRICES  ON  SEPARATE  LIST 
LIGHT-WEIGHT  PRINTED  ANSWER  PAPER 

With  printed  headings  especially  adapted  for  use  of  students  of  the  I.C.S.  Size 
8J^"  X  14".  This  paper  is  very  tough,  durable,  and  has  a  fine  writing  surface.  It  will  last 
for  years,  and  the  student  is  thus  enabled  to  keep  a  permanent  record  of  the  work  sent  to 
the  Schools. 

I.C.S.  COLD-PRESSED  DRAWING  PAPER 

Size  lS"x20".  Bufif  color — easy  on  the  eyes.  It  is  unusually  strong  and  tough;  takes 
^  clean,  clear  line;  is  not  brittle;  is  not  easily  soiled.     Best  for  both  ink  and  pencil. 

"TESCO"  TRACING  CLOTH 

Used  extensively  by  draftsmen,  architects,  engineers,  and  contractors — a  high  recom- 
mendation  of  quality.  It  is  transparent,  strong,  free  from  knots  and  other  imperfection^ 
and  contaitjs  no  air  bubbles.  I.C.S.  instructors  assure  their  students  it  is  thoroughly 
dependable.     Furnished  i-n  sheets  15"x20". 

PORTFOLIOS 

For  keeping  your  Examination  Pajiers  and  drawing  plates  neat  and  clean  and  in  order. 
Don't  roH  them  up  and  then  forget  where  they  are,  or  leave  them  where  they  will  become 
soiled  or  damaged.     Some  of  these  days  an  employer  may  ask  to  see  them. 

"TESCO"  LIQUID  DRAWING  INK 

"Tesco"  Ink  flows  smoothly  and  evenly  from  the  pen  and  leaves  a  clear,  sharp  line  of 
uniform  intensity,  free  from  cracks  and  bubbles. 

FOUNTAIN  PENS 

As  answers  to  Examination  Questions  must  be  written  in  ink,  you  can,  with  a  fountain 
pen,  answer  your  papers  any  time — anywhere — whether  it  is  in  the  office,  shop,  factory, 
or  home 

DICTIONARIES 

No  matter  which  Course  you  are  studying,  no  matter  what  kind  of  work  you  do,  a 
dictionary  is  valuable.  Keep  it  near  you  when  you  read  and  when  you  study.'  Don't  skip 
the  words  you  don't  understand;  look  them  up,  for  that  is  the  best  way  to  acquire  a 
vocabulary. 

RUBBER  HAND  STAMPS 

Stamp  your  name,  address,  and  class  letters  and  number  on  every  lesson  and  drawing 
you  send  to  the  Schools.     Useful  for  marking  envelopes,  books,  papers,  etc. 

DRAWING  OUTFITS 

The  I.C.S.  Outfits  are  not  simply  "gotten  up"  to  provide  something  for  the  student  to 
use  during  his  Course.  These  Outfits  will  last  long  after  he  has  gotten  into  actual  work. 
They  are   nractical   Outfits — made   up   from   specifications   furnished   by   I.C.S.    Instructors. 

Naturally,  then,  such  Outfits  must  be  right.  All  instruments  must  be  of  a  high 
quality  to  give  long  and  efficient  service.  All  material  must  be  honest,  sincere,  dependable. 
The  busy  man  cannot  be  annoyed  with  poor  material,  and  the  student  must  not  be  retarded 
by  the  use  of  it. 

COMBINATION  DRAWING  AND  STUDY  TABLE 

The  table  is  made  of  oak,  and  can  be  folded  and  placed  out  of  the  way;  and,  although 
it  weighs  but  193/^  pounds,  it  will  support  a  direct  weight  of  200  pounds.  The  braces  are 
of  nickeled  rolled  steel. 

CATALOGS 

Any  of  the  following  catalogs  will  be  mailed  free  on  application  to  the  Technical 
Supply  Co. :  _  ■ 

Drawing  Instruments  and  Materials,  Practical  Books  Relating  to  Architecture  and 
Building  Trades,  Practical  Books  Relating  to  Electricity,  Practical  Books  Relating  to 
Mechanical  and  Civil  Engineering,  Practical  Books  Relating  to  Mining,  Metallurgy,  and 
Chemistry. 

Send  orders  to  TECHNICAL  SUPPLY  COMPANY,  Scranton,  Pa. 
SEE  PRICES  ON  SEPARATE  LIST 


81448 


